Kimmel is claiming that homophobia is basically the result of hyper masculinity. Hegemonic african masculinities and mens heterosexual lives. The construction of black jamaican masculinity in a neocolonial imaginary. This article draws on 3,500 responses from fans and professionals involved in association football soccer to an anonymous online survey posted from june 2010 to october 2010 regarding their views towards gay footballers. Based on two relatively wellreported cases of homophobia in malawi and south africa, this article aims to show some of the ways in which hegemonic african men and masculinities are unsettled by, but also find ideological use for, the existence of homosexuality and nonheteronormative sexualities. I am disappointed by the discussion of gender issues or gender stratification in textbooks. Kimmel 2000 wrote what i consider one of the best articles on masculinity, sexism, and homophobia in his article masculinity as homophobia. Nov 08, 2015 homophobia and masculinity in the united states, it is acceptable and common for a woman to be very intimate around her friends.
Hyper masculinity is no longer the only paradigm dominating discourses on soccer. Machismo and homophobia challenging male supremacy. Stein 2005 points out that homophobia allows men anxious about their masculinity to affirm themselves p. Pdf fans, homophobia and masculinities in association. I wrote this psychology paper for one of my psychology courses. How does hegemonic masculinity intersect with homosexuality.
Heterosexual masculinity did not predate homophobia but was historically produced along with it. What is the hegemonic definition of manhood accotding to kimmel. In order to understand the phenomenon of samesex sexual relations, we must. Therefore, homosexuality is less likely to be accepted in all traditional masculine institutions. Masculinity as homophobia and other readings genderculture. Hyper masculinity is the emphasis on stereotypical gender roles that are placed on men for example men being tough and strong. A link between adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence is proposed. Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity according to michael s. We conducted a categorical analysis a qualitative, 3stage, iterative analysis of data from studies conducted in 2001 to 2006, which interviewed 35 men aged 18 to. The relationship between masculinity and homophobia in father. South african men and their construction of masculinities. Kimmels work, masculinity as homophobia, he reveals the great secret of all men. In the article masculinity as homophobia, michael s.
Masculinity, as he describes it, is a sort of defensive act to prevent being humilated and shamed by other men. Thus, we argue that any approach to understanding school shootings must take gender seriously specifically the constellation of adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence. Masculinity as homophobia is a good primer into learning what the patriarchy is, the barebones approach to teaching men why theyre supposed to be manly and play into the archetype gender roles that society has built up. Masculinity, homophobia, and modern manhood takes a fresh look at the formation of modern male sexual identities. Canadian homohegemony and the homophobic other 209. Oct 16, 2019 german society and even german soccer have become more acceptant of the idea of inclusive masculinities. Though overall gun violence has plummeted since 1993, multivictim school shootings have increased in frequency over the last fifty years and the number of adolescent perpetrators has more than doubled since 1996. Homophobia leads men to limit their loving and close friendships with other men. Canadian homohegemony and the homophobic other kyle jackson phd candidate queens university, kingston, ontario, canada abstract in this discussion, i demonstrate that. Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender. Theodore, at the writing of this paper, was a research associate at the center for hivaids educational studies and training at.
Masculinities and sexualities in sport and physical cultures. Heterosexual masculinity, gender conformity, homophobia peter s. They argue that homophobic teasing often characterizes masculinity in adolescence and early adulthood, and that antigay slurs tend to primarily be directed at other gay boys. The roots of male violence utet university, italy, 20, pp. Do you think this definition has changed at all in recent years. The current study investigated the link between heterosexual masculinity and homophobia in 74 college males. Conceptions of gender and masculinity are examples of cultural factors found to be associated with sexual behavior among heterosexual men6,7 and msm.
Sexuality, masculinity and homophobia in association football. Masculinity as homophobia masculinity as homophobia fear. Essay 4 in the matrix reader masculinity as homophobia by michael s. May 21, 20 i wrote this psychology paper for one of my psychology courses. Although many views have changed, homophobia is still a big issue in society, no matter whom it is learned from. German society and even german soccer have become more acceptant of the idea of inclusive masculinities. Homophobic violence and masculinities in australia in s. Homophobia is indeed a central mechanism in the making of contemporary american adolescent masculinity. Sexuality, masculinity and homophobia in association. Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. Homosexuals carry the burden of portraying and embodying the failure scenario, a reminder of masculinity. We explored gender role strain grs arising from conflict between homosexuality and cultural conceptions of masculinity among young black men who have sex with men msm. It erupts in fights on the prison yard, assaults on officers, the ugly phenomenon of prison rape kunselman.
Heterosexual masculinity, gender conformity, homophobia. They argue that masculinity, more specifically white masculinity, may be intrinsically linked with. Mar 02, 2012 in the essay masculinity as homophobia, michael s. Random school shootings, 19822001 michael kimmel and matthew mahler argue that masculinity, and feelings of inferiority as it pertains to masculinity, may be the major contributing factor to acts of mass violence, particularly in schools. Drawing together the broad range of theoretical issues posed in the new study of masculinity, contributors from diverse backgrounds address in this volume th. What is hegemonic masculinity and the different types of. Article adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence. Masculinity must be proved, and no sooner is it proved that it is again questioned and must be proved againconstant. Kimmel urges the reader to realize that men are grouped into very distinct and limiting meanings of masculinity. As kimmel 1994 posited, it is not only the very explicit fear and disapproval of gay men that links masculinity and homophobia, but also the various implicit. Masculinity, neocolonialism, homophobia, jamaica, homosexuality kyle jackson.
Kimmel explains the definition of manhood and how it has helped to create the concept of homophobia in a societal sense rather than a scientific one. Masculinity is strongly molded by homophobia, the widespread fear of and contempt for homosexuals. Proulx explores the intersection of masculinity and homosexuality by illustrating the ways in which society sees any deviation from the very narrow. Kimmel points out an important part of masculinity is measuring up to the other males in life. This article both expands on and challenges these accounts of relationships between homophobia and masculinity. He asserts american manhood is really a fear of other men. Homophobia, masculinity, and threatened identities the irrationalityignorance hypothesis homophobia is an irrational fear based in social training little boy grows up in conservative home, hears parents talking about the fags on tv models parents behavior. Western culture defines specific characteristics to fit the patriarchal ideal masculine construct. Other forms of masculinities have become more accepted in the german public and its soccer community. Homophobic violence and masculinities in australia by.
Indeed, the term hegemonic masculinity was invented. Higgins 2009 noted that this link most likely exists within hiphop culture due to its ties to street culture, where overthetop. We go on to argue that in addition to taking gender seriously, a reasoned approach to understanding school shootings must focus not on the form of the. The fear of being identified as a poofter leads men to behave in hypermasculine and aggressive ways and to close up emotionally. Professor terry kupers is a lead researcher on toxic masculinity and explains that it is the constellation of socially regressive male traits that serve to foster domination, the devaluation of women, homophobia and wanton violence kupers, 2005, p. The fear of being identified as a poofter leads men to behave in hypermasculine and aggressive ways and to. Michael kimmel argues that american men are socialized into a very rigid and limiting definition of. Kimmel michael kimmel argues that american men are socialized into a very rigid and limiting definition of masculinity. Finally, the authors offer a few possible explanations as to how most boys who are teased and bullied achieve the psychological resilience that enables them to weather adolescence without recourse to. In adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence. Within this form of masculinity, machismo, sexism, homophobia, and manhood are all inexorably linked. The results advance inclusive masculinity theory with 93 per cent of fans of all ages stating that there is no place for homophobia within football. Jack and ennis s homosexuality defies the masculine norms under which they have been raised, leaving them unable to reconcile their understanding of the lives they are supposed to lead as men with the relationships they want to pursue. Homophobia and masculinity science leadership academy.
Homophobia and masculinity in the united states, it is acceptable and common for a woman to be very intimate around her friends. I examine how openly gay athletes are affected by homophobia, how they negotiate hegemonic masculinity, and how they operate within a heterosexist institution. Heterosexuality and homophobia are the bedrock of hegemonic masculinity and any understanding of its nature and meaning is predicated on the feminist insight that in general the relationship of men to women is oppressive. The construction of black jamaican masculinity in a.
Sexual orientation and gender identity as presented in caribbean media the evidence shows that reporting on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people often is sensationalized and demeaning or lgbti persons are ignored completely by the media. The view that homophobia is a means of policing the boundaries of a traditional male sex role lehne 1989 grasps the dynamic character of the process but misconstrues its history. This is the first and perhaps the most basic question about homosexuality. The term homophobia was coined in the late 1960s and was used. Men are said to fear such ridicules as being too feminine by other men.
As mentioned above, a central prescription contained in hegemonic masculinity is heterosexuality, referred to as compulsory heterosexuality. Dec 01, 2012 masculinity as homophobia by michael s. Sexual orientation and gender identity as presented in caribbean media 9 key findings. May 24, 2010 masculinity as homophobia kimmel 2000 wrote what i consider one of the best articles on masculinity, sexism, and homophobia in his article masculinity as homophobia. Finally, the authors offer a few possible explanations as to how most boys who are teased and bullied achieve the psychological resilience that enables them to weather adolescence without recourse to random school violence.
Specifically, gender selfdiscrepancy how well males think they fit cultural. In this article, i explore this social and historical construction of both hegemonic masculinity and alternate masculinities, with an eye toward offering a new. Kimmel, manhood is socialized into a very rigid definition of masculinity. This particular reaction paper was based upon a class discussion of gender stereotypes for men and women. Social and internalized homophobia as a source of con. The notion of maleness was fundamentally constructed and defined without the notion of femaleness stein. Kimmel in the article masculinity as homophobia, michael s.
I borrow from kimmel and mahlers 2001 format to examine seven shootings that have occurred in the fifteen years since their papers original publication. Machismo and homophobia 65 surprise that the most common insult among boys who are working out their sense of manhood among other boys is maricdn, the cultural equivalent of faggot. Fans blame agents and clubs for the lack of openness and challenge footballs governing organizations to oppose the culture of secrecy surrounding gay players and to provide a more inclusive. Pdf heterosexual masculinity and homophobia researchgate. Nevertheless, two major aspects of homophobia remain part of the german soccer scene. Simple, because men are afraid to be considered unmanly gay or feminine by other men, causing them to. Abstract heterosexual masculinity is the cultural pressure exerted on males to be masculine in traits and heterosexual in orientation or else be viewed as feminine and socially unacceptable. Heterosexual masculinity is the cultural pressure exerted on males to be masculine in traits and heterosexual in orientation or else be viewed as feminine and socially unacceptable. Inclusive masculinities, homosexuality and homophobia in.
Masculinities and sexualities in sport and physical. In other words, male homosexuality, which can often symbolize feminized masculinity, is a major dilemma in a heterosexist society because it can challenge the cultural implication of hegemonic masculinity. In theorizing masculinities, edited by harry brod and michael kaufman, 119141, research on men and masculinities series. Exploring homophobia as alternative discourses of masculinity in dancehall culture. Fans, homophobia and masculinities in association football. She feels comfortable enough to hug, sit close, and talk about her feelings and emotions with them. Masculinities and sexualities in sport and physical cultures 567 as acceptable, while denigrating other forms crosset, 1990. In relation to a patriarchal system of gender roles, homophobia is an essential tool to maintain heterosexuality. Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity. The term homophobia was coined in the late 1960s and was used prominently by george weinberg, an american clinical psychologist, in his book society and the.